钻孔灌注桩施工中岩层漏浆故障处理

本文通过对某大桥钻孔灌注桩施工情况分析。阐述了钻孔灌注桩施工中岩层漏浆故障的原因。同时介绍了几种处理方法。如补浆法、封堵法、内护筒法。     

中国传统犁及其技术传播

关于中国犁的起源要远早于西亚。尽管西起地中海沿岸,东到中国、日本,有东西横贯亚洲大陆的"长底犁的道路",但犁型多样性特别丰富的西亚和印度东部只能作为犁起源的候补地。不过要深入探究中国犁的起源问题,还有很长的路要走。     

Impact of winter‐to‐spring environmental variability along the Kuroshio jet on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus)

Winter‐to‐spring variability in sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) around the Kuroshio current system and its relationship to the survival rate (ln [recruit per spawning stock biomass], LNRPS) of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) were investigated based on a correlation analysis of data from 1980 to 1995. The data were from a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model using the ‘Kuroshio axis coordinates’, in which the meridional positions are relocated to a latitude relative to the Kuroshio axis at each longitude, rather than the geographically fixed coordinates. A significant positive (negative) correlation between LNRPS and winter MLD (winter–spring SST) was detected near the Kuroshio axis from areas south of Japan (where eggs are spawned) to the Kuroshio Extension (where larvae are transported). This result is in contrast to previous studies using geographically fixed coordinates, which showed a significant correlation predominantly in the area south of the Kuroshio Extension in winter, where at this time few larvae have been found. From the late 1980s to early 1990s, when the survival rate was remarkably low, MLD around the axis was shallow and SST was high. Although MLD and SST show a significant correlation, significant partial correlations were also observed between February MLD and LNRPS when the contribution of SST was excluded, and between March SST and LNRPS when the contribution of MLD was excluded. We presume that MLD shoaling reduced the nutrient supply from deep layers, resulting in less productivity in the spring, and SST warming could have a negative influence on larval growth.     

Movements and behaviors of swordfish in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans examined using pop‐up satellite archival tags

Swordfish are highly specialized top‐level predators that have been challenging to study. In this paper, data from 31 pop‐up satellite archival tags attached to swordfish from (i) the eastern Pacific, (ii) central Pacific, and (iii) western North Atlantic‐Caribbean were analyzed. Common across locations was a pronounced diel vertical pattern with daytime hours spent primarily below the thermocline and nighttime hours spent in warmer waters, close to the surface. One exception to this pattern was periodic daytime basking events which were most common in cooler waters off California. Maximum daytime depths were significantly correlated with light penetration as measured by the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm. Temperature did not appear to influence daytime depths, and swordfish tolerated both extremely low temperatures (4°C) and rapid and dramatic temperature changes (>20°C). Temperature did appear to influence the nighttime depths in the Pacific where fish typically remained in the surface mixed layer. In contrast, in the warm tropical Atlantic this was not the case, and nighttime depths were much deeper. In all areas, nighttime depth increased around the full moon. Given the parallels between the vertical movement patterns of swordfish and those of the deep sound scattering layer we suggest that swordfish vertical distribution patterns, especially during daytime, are influenced largely by resource availability. At night, when swordfish are typically targeted by fisheries, both ambient light and temperature influence movements. Understanding vertical movement patterns of swordfish can help evaluate gear vulnerability, improve population assessments, and potentially reduce fisheries bycatch.     

北太平洋(160°E～170°E)大型柔鱼渔场的初步研究

本文根据1997年6月～7月北太平洋（16°E～170°E）海域柔鱼探捕调查的资料，对渔场形成的海洋环境条件进行了初步分析。160°E～170°E海域的大型柔鱼渔场主要由亲潮策3和第4分支与黑潮的第4和第5分支交汇形成，特别是在深层（100米水层）的暖水域前端形成。其表层水温一般为11～13°，100米水层水温约为9～10℃。其中167°E～170°E海域的渔场较为稳定，可供北太平洋鱿钓船的前期生产。中心渔场形成时常有浮游生物层。浮游生物层越厚实，渔获量越高，但有关浮游生物层的形成原因需作进一步的研究与探讨。     

不同耕作深度对红壤坡耕地耕层土壤特性的影响

红壤坡耕地不同耕作深度对耕层质量和作物产量具有重要影响。以江西红壤坡耕地示范区耕层为研究对象,从土壤属性角度,对红壤坡耕地不同耕作深度处理下垂直深度土壤水分、容重、孔隙度、土壤紧实度、土壤抗剪强度、土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾等进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同耕作深度对土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量的影响为免耕翻耕20 cm翻耕10 cm常规耕作翻耕30 cm,对容重的影响为翻耕30 cm常规耕作翻耕10 cm免耕翻耕20 cm;与常规耕作比较,翻耕30 cm使土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤孔隙度分别提高了18.17%,12.67%,5.94%,土壤容重降低6.90%。(2)不同耕作深度下土壤紧实度表现为翻耕30 cm翻耕10 cm翻耕20 cm免耕常规耕作,土壤抗剪强度表现为翻耕30 cm常规耕作翻耕10 cm免耕翻耕20 cm;与常规耕作对照,翻耕30 cm使土壤紧实度和抗剪强度分别降低27.07%和24.82%。(3)土壤有机质含量以翻耕20 cm处理下最高(13.48 g/kg),免耕处理含量最低(9.39 g/kg),土壤速效养分主要集中分布在0-20 cm土层,但20-40 cm土层中翻耕处理较免耕处理有不同程度的增加,以翻耕20 cm和常规耕作表现显著。(4)主成分分析结果表明,翻耕30 cm处理对红壤坡耕地土壤的综合改善效果最好。研究结果可为红壤坡耕地耕层土壤改善和合理耕层构建提供技术参考。     

耕层土层交换对土壤氮素关键转化过程和玉米氮素利用的影响

翻耕会使耕层土壤发生显著位置交换。耕层土壤位置交换会通过影响土壤物理、化学和生物性状,改变氮素转化过程。本文研究了土层交换对黄淮海平原南端砂姜黑土硝化、反硝化过程和玉米生长及氮素利用的影响,为该区域选择合理的耕作方式、减少氮素损失及提高氮素利用效率提供理论依据。试验在人工气候室条件下,以土壤(0～35 cm)田间原位分层作为常规土层处理(CK),以原位0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层交换后作为土层交换处理(SE),并用20μm的尼龙网区分非根际和根际土壤。于玉米小喇叭口期利用荧光定量PCR技术测定土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化菌群丰度,并结合非根际和根际土壤的硝化潜势、土壤呼吸、反硝化能力、反硝化潜势、土壤理化性质和玉米总氮含量及根系形态的测定,探讨土层交换对土壤氮素转化和玉米生长及氮素利用的影响。结果显示,SE处理的玉米植株氮吸收量比CK处理显著降低8.9%(P0.05)。土层交换显著影响根际而不是非根际土壤的硝化潜势,使其显著降低13.5%(P0.05);并使非根际和根际土壤的反硝化能力分别提高36.6%(P0.05)和8.4%(P0.05)。土层交换使非根际和根际土壤的可溶性有机碳含量分别提高11.7%(P0.05)和5.2%。相关分析显示硝化潜势与氨氧化细菌(AOB)丰度呈显著正相关(r=0.91**),与氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度无显著相关关系;反硝化能力与土壤可溶性有机碳和呼吸速率呈显著正相关(r=0.89**和0.93**),与nirK、nirS拷贝数无显著相关性;玉米植株氮吸收量与根际土壤的硝化潜势、根表面积×AOB拷贝数都呈显著正相关(r=0.83*和0.86*),而与反硝化能力呈显著负相关(r=?0.88**)。以上结果表明砂姜黑土土壤硝化速率的降低和反硝化速率的增强,是土层交换后玉米氮素利用效率低的重要原因。AOB是硝化速率的主要驱动微生物。土层交换后土壤可溶性有机碳是反硝化能力的关键主导因子。在翻耕条件下,有效调节土壤可溶性有机碳含量是提高作物氮肥利用效率的关键。     

First isolation of Vibrio tapetis and an atypical strain of Aeromonas salmonicida from skin ulcerations in common dab (Limanda limanda) in the North Sea

Skin ulcerations rank amongst the most prevalent lesions affecting wild common dab (Limanda limanda) with an increase in prevalence of up to 3.5% in the Belgian part of the North Sea. A complex aetiology of these ulcerations is suspected, and many questions remain on the exact factors contributing to these lesions. To construct the aetiological spectrum of skin ulcerations in flatfish, a one‐day monitoring campaign was undertaken in the North Sea. Fifteen fish presented with one or more ulcerations on the pigmented and/or non‐pigmented side. Pathological features revealed various stages of ulcerations with loss of epidermal and dermal tissue, inflammatory infiltrates and degeneration of the myofibers bordering the ulceration, albeit in varying degrees. Upon bacteriological examination, pure cultures of Vibrio tapetis were retrieved in high numbers from five fish and of Aeromonas salmonicida in one fish. The V. tapetis isolates showed cross‐reactivity with the sera against the representative strain of serotype O2 originating form a carpet‐shell clam (Ruditapes descussatus). Moreover, the A. salmonicida isolates displayed a previously undescribed vapA gene sequence (A‐layer type) with possible specificity towards common dab. Further research is necessary to pinpoint the exact role of these agents in the development of skin ulcerations in common dab.     

季节性冻融土壤盐分离子组成与冻结层盐分运移规律研究

该文对冻融过程中土壤盐分离子组成及冻结层盐分运移规律进行研究,在内蒙古河套灌区永联试验站开展了冻融期土壤水盐及其离子成分监测试验,分析了冻融期地温、冻结层深度、地下水埋深与水质、土壤含水率、土壤盐分及离子组成的变化规律,通过离子相关性分析确定了土壤盐分运移的主控离子成分和盐分类型,进一步利用二元水盐体系相图探讨了冻融期主控盐分的运移规律。结果表明:冻融期地温梯度变化主要发生在0～1.0 m范围土层中,地下水埋深在冻融期变化趋势为快速增大-缓慢增大-减少,地下水矿化度均值在融化期显著降低;研究区地下水中变异性最大的离子为Na~+、Cl~–和SO_4~(2–),土壤盐分运移和扩散是地下水矿化度变化的主要原因;土壤中Na~+、Cl~–与SO_4~(2–)与含盐量相关系数高于0.9,冻融期土壤盐分浓度变化的主控盐分类型为氯化钠和硫酸钠;冻结层积盐或者脱盐取决于土壤盐分梯度和不同盐分的共饱和点,研究区最大氯化钠浓度(质量分数1.55%)和最大硫酸钠浓度(2.01%)均低于各自的共饱和点,当冻结前土壤溶液浓度梯度为正(从上到下浓度增大)时,冻结层易积盐,反之冻结层主要表现为脱盐。研究对阐明冻融期冻结层盐分累积规律的成因具有重要意义。     

大兴安岭天然林不同林分溶解有机碳变化特征

为确定不同林分和季节变化对森林碳库影响。在内蒙古大兴安岭根河林业局境内选取具有代表性的林分,即白桦林、白桦落叶松混交林以及落叶松林为研究对象。收集并测定了树干径流、有机质层和0-30 cm土层中DOC浓度,并分析了DOC变化特征以及不同月份对DOC的影响。结果表明:不同林分中树干径流中DOC平均浓度分别为60.12,172.77,205.02 mg/L;有机质层中DOC平均浓度分别为35.32,39.64,34.45 mg/L;0-30 cm土层中DOC平均浓度分别为26.23,37.08,26.53 mg/L。结果表明:不同林分中DOC浓度表现为树干径流 > 有机质层 > 0-30 cm土层,落叶松林树干径流DOC浓度明显高于白桦林（p<0.05）,且落叶松树干比白桦树干淋溶DOC强;不同林分中有机质层和0-30 cm土层表现为白桦落叶松混交林>白桦林、落叶松林,但无明显的差异（p>0.05）,而且有机质层和土层对DOC有吸附固定作用;不同林分6-9月份树干径流中DOC浓度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,7月份达到最大,机质层和0-30 cm土层中DOC浓度6月份最高,7月、8月最低,而9月份又升高。不同林分和月份的变化,影响了天然林中DOC浓度分布。